BIRDS SING
A mother orangutan in Borneo is building her bed for the night.
First, a mattress of fresh leaves.
Her young son, a few branches below, is getting to work on his own bunk.
Not entirely successfully.
It will take her almost a decade to prepare him for independence.
Like many youngsters,
he decides that his mother's bed is preferable...
..and climbs up for a cuddle.
It takes years to perfect jungle living,
and all rainforest parents learn to rely on the trees
to protect and provide for them.
Bhutan.
The Himalayan kingdom where the forests are regarded as sacred.
The jungles here provide a refuge for many rare species.
Among them are some of our planet's most dedicated parents.
Rufous-necked hornbills.
Male and female pair for life
and each year they renew their bond.
Raising a hornbill chick takes teamwork.
The first step is to secure a good home.
Unlike most birds, hornbills don't make nests,
but prefer a hole in a tree.
Fortunately, the ancient forests of Bhutan contain plenty of options.
Once the pair have found one that seems suitable,
the female starts collecting mud from the forest floor.
With it, she builds a barrier across the entrance
that will prevent any strangers from getting in.
But she is now imprisoned...
..and she will remain so for the next 100 days.
She will be totally reliant on her partner for food.
He'd better be up to it.
Fruit forms the bulk of his offerings.
A caterpillar is a welcome treat,
once carefully prepared.
Most of the time, the food is gratefully received.
But not always.
The lack of choice is beginning to get to her.
The male works hard to maintain his daily deliveries.
His commitment is total.
But then,
one beak becomes two.
Their growing chick is thriving.
But the nursery is becoming increasingly cramped,
and a touch grubby.
Dad does his best to keep them both properly fed.
But conditions inside the nest are now almost unbearable.
Finally, after three months of imprisonment,
she decides the time has come to leave...
..and to introduce her chick to the outside world.
The male now starts to withhold food,
a clear sign that he too thinks that the time has come.
She starts to chip away at the baked mud.
Her flight muscles are stiff and weak.
Inch by inch, she squeezes her way out.
Freedom again.
Her chick, however, needs more time.
The world seems rather daunting.
His father swoops in to offer some encouragement.
It's time to go.
All his parents can do now is watch.
The chick's journey inevitably has to begin with a leap of faith.
He is ungainly and awkward.
But that could have been a lot worse.
They'll remain by his side for the next six months.
Jungles may appear to be full of opportunities.
But competition for homes can be intense.
This Sri Lankan pug-nosed frog has been lucky.
He's bagged a prime location.
It even has a pool in the basement.
And it's not long before an interested female arrives.
Their embrace can last for days.
But as soon as the eggs are laid, the female leaves.
He is now on his own.
A single parent.
His new brood quickly attracts unwanted attention.
Frogs' eggs are food for many jungle creatures.
He can protect them from some of the smaller threats.
But he has little defence against the bigger ones.
The tiger tarantula, with a leg span the size of a human face.
It can paralyse its victims with a single venomous bite.
Almost nothing is safe from it.
Certainly not a defenceless frog father.
The little frog bravely holds his ground.
Actually, these two have met before.
They both live in the same tree hole.
The tarantula has a nice, dry penthouse at the top,
while the frog prefers the damp basement.
The stay-at-home frog keeps the place clean and free of ants.
And the spider acts as a full-time security guard.
Together, they make an excellent team.
One that ensures a future
for two entirely different families.
For some parents,
finding a suitable home is just the start of a very long journey.
BELLOWING
Learning the intricacies of the jungle
can take a lifetime.
BELLOWING
And in the forests of Borneo,
the amount of food on offer varies hugely each year.
Orangutans have an encyclopaedic knowledge of the forests.
They not only know which plants are safe to eat,
but when and where to look for them.
This knowledge is passed down to their young,
and today's lesson begins with a pandanus plant.
A meal of its leaves is an excellent way to start the day.
Bibi is an experienced mother
and has been giving her son, Bias, daily lessons
for the last seven years.
Orangutan are mostly solitary animals.
If Bias is eventually to survive on his own,
Bibi has a lot of work to do.
She will need to show him everything the forest has to offer.
Including where to find over 300 different kinds of food.
Like all orangs,
Bibi is vulnerable on the ground.
But down here, there is important food.
Termites.
They're packed with nutrients,
an important supplement for their regular diet.
Bias isn't yet brave enough to sample them,
but at least he's paying attention.
A varied diet can be the difference between life and death.
And at his age,
Bias should really be fending for himself.
But he still relies on his mother to show him the best bits.
SQUEAKING
There is no shortage of leaves.
But even so,
he wants those particular ones that his mother is eating.
And she is beginning to find that very irritating.
SQUEAKING
Eventually, he gets the message
and finds a branch of his own.
Large fig trees are few and far between,
and you have to know when they will be full of fruit -
if you are not to make unnecessary journeys.
They've timed their visit perfectly.
Hundreds of figs are beginning to ripen.
Bibi has devoted nearly a decade of her life to each of her children.
Bias is approaching the end of his training
and will soon need to branch out on his own.
Leaving his devoted mother
will be one of the most difficult moments in his life.
And he isn't quite ready for it...
..yet.
Iguazu National Park in Argentina.
A mother coati is in her nest with a litter of kits.
She has looked after them with great care
since the day they were born.
But now, they are close to independence
and she's able to start foraging further.
Coati live in tight social groups,
and the adults take turns to care for each other's young...
..and keep them out of harm's way.
As one mother disappears into the canopy...
..the other is left in charge,
and she is going to have her work cut out.
The kits are just about manageable when in the trees.
But once on the ground, it becomes total chaos.
CHIRPING
The baby-sitter is doing her best.
But every time one of the missing kits is found...
..another wanders off.
It's a baby-sitter's nightmare.
Meanwhile, the other female
is enjoying some quiet time on the other side of the river.
GRUNTING
She calls to the group.
But the baby-sitter knows that
the kits would find it difficult to make the crossing.
They've become separated.
The baby-sitter, however, has an idea.
She has learned to use something
that previous generations didn't have.
A bridge.
GRUNTING
She just has to get the youngsters across it unscathed.
The baby-sitter rounds up the final straggler
and carries him to safety.
With the group reunited,
everyone has had quite enough adventure for one day.
By sharing parental responsibilities,
these coatis now successfully raise more offspring
than they could ever do on their own.
Jungle parents have to be endlessly resourceful.
And the forests of Jamaica are now home to a creature
whose ancestors were once ocean-goers...
..but who now live in the tiny pools of water
that form at the base of jungle plants.
This is a mother bromeliad crab.
But her new home isn't perfect.
It requires constant maintenance.
Dead leaves fall into it,
and that just won't do.
The leaves have got to be removed.
For her growing brood,
nothing is too much trouble.
Cleaning the nursery is just the start.
For the first ten days,
the tiny crabs don't have hard shells...
..and are easily picked off by hungry predators.
They're totally defenceless.
Fortunately, their industrious mother knows just the thing.
The forest is littered with snail shells
rich in calcium.
She drops a few into the nursery pool,
where they will dissolve
and can then be reabsorbed by the tiny crablets,
helping them to toughen up.
Managing her nursery pool is a daily battle.
Too many leaves.
More shells to find.
And each day, she risks losing more of her brood.
When eventually the youngsters' shells have hardened,
she has to provide them with food.
She doesn't leave the safety of her bromeliad home,
but relies on food coming to her.
A millipede - in search of a meal of decomposing leaves.
She readies herself.
It won't be easy,
but there's a bounty to be had.
She eventually gets to grips with her capture...
..and breaks it up into bite-sized chunks.
The body of the millipede will not only feed her whole family,
but will also help to further strengthen
the crablets' shells.
The crablets love the guts best.
The mother crab has managed to create an environment
that suits her family.
But some jungles are now being transformed in ways
that make raising young almost impossible.
The Karst forests of southern China.
The limestone peaks are home to one of the rarest of monkeys.
The white-headed langur.
This infant is one of the last of his kind.
He's precious not just to his mother,
but for the future of his entire species.
A ledge high up these vertical cliffs
may be a safe place to sleep...
..but it's less than perfect as a nursery.
Travelling around up here is not for the inexperienced.
But eventually,
all langurs must learn to master the rock face.
Fortunately, there are plenty of others willing to lend a hand.
Young langurs can spend as much as a third of their time
under the care of other females.
Around mid-morning, the group begin their daily descent
to the base of their pinnacle.
One false step here could be fatal.
But this is the place where their mothers find their food.
Whilst their babies are free to develop
their climbing skills.
Langurs need a variety of fresh leaves every day.
Not long ago,
the troop had a much larger forest territory.
But they have become isolated on their rocky island...
..which is now entirely surrounded by farmland.
The patches of jungle that remain have become increasingly rare.
HOOTING
A couple of outsiders have been spotted
approaching through the fields...
..looking to take over the island.
Rival males will kill the offspring of others.
So the mothers quickly get out of the way...
..and retreat to the safety of the cliffs.
Leaving the rest of the troop to resist the attack.
The intruders have been repelled for now.
But not everyone has gone unscathed.
The troop begin the long climb back up.
The mother and her precious cargo
carefully work their way up the cliff.
The walls are near vertical, and the holds razor-thin.
These langurs have adapted to this perilous habitat.
And their island refuge provides the mother and her baby
with a safe haven...
..for now.
But one day, the youngster will be forced
to leave his mother's family...
..and establish a territory of his own.
And that will not be easy.
Forest habitat is being lost all over the world,
but nowhere is this more pronounced
than in the Brazilian Amazon.
Every year, vast swathes of jungle
are deliberately set on fire...
..leaving millions of animal parents homeless.
Many are forced to find refuge in nearby patches of forest.
Among them, a particularly rare and seldom seen creature.
An Amazonian tapir.
A close relative of rhinos
and South America's largest land mammal.
Her young calf sticks close by her side.
They are in search of a new territory
which has the resources they need to survive.
Finding enough vegetation to eat is not a problem.
But many jungle plants lack crucial minerals
and some contain a mix of toxic chemicals.
Over time, these toxins can build up in a tapir's body.
Eventually, some need to seek out a remedy.
She leads her young calf upstream
in the hope of finding the cure.
The female knew where to go
in the patch of forest where she was born.
But as her former territory continues
to burn behind her...
..she is forced to look for somewhere new.
As night falls,
the jungle comes alive.
Using her keen sense of smell,
she cautiously guides her calf through the forest.
The more animals they encounter,
the closer they are likely to be to their destination.
She can smell something familiar in the darkness.
Clay -
the remedy that she and her calf so badly need.
It's thought the clay neutralises the toxins
and provides essential minerals lacking in their diet.
Others arrive,
all searching for the same thing.
The particular chemical compounds within this clay.
As more tapir arrive,
they dig into the soil,
making it accessible to other, less powerful species.
The location of this clay lick
is a crucial part of the calf's education.
There are unique sites like this all over the Amazon,
including many that have not yet been identified by humans.
Even the most remote forests on Earth
are no longer immune from modern disturbances.
The Daintree in northern Australia.
Dinosaurs once lived here.
And their feathered descendants still prowl
the understory today.
A cassowary.
This one is nicknamed Crinkle.
He's nearly 45 years old,
and like all cassowary fathers,
he has the responsibility of rearing the young.
Success is never guaranteed,
and this year is tougher than ever.
It's the middle of the dry season.
Crinkle's head casque helps him shed heat quickly.
But his chicks have no such defence.
In these temperatures,
they need to drink almost every day if they're to survive.
But it has hardly rained for months.
Their forest is parched
and many of the riverbeds are dry.
Crinkle breaks up some fruit for his chicks,
but it won't sustain them for long.
He must find water.
There is a remote pool
at the far limit of his territory.
The journey there is risky.
But his chicks are hungry and thirsty -
and increasingly desperate.
Even in a good year,
only 50% of cassowary chicks survive.
He urges them on.
They must be cautious.
The search for water is drawing other animals into the area.
SQUEALING
Feral pigs introduced by humans are now abundant in these forests.
Following their scent,
wild dingoes are also moving in.
Both of these animals are known to kill cassowary chicks.
Crinkle is by no means defenceless -
his razor-sharp talons are effective weapons -
but he will be unable to save his chicks
if they don't find water soon.
At last.
And for now, they are alone.
The oasis provides precious relief.
And what is more,
the quandong tree here is full of fruit.
A food much relished by cassowaries.
And in return,
the cassowary distribute the seeds around the forest,
helping the trees to spread.
All over the world,
animals and trees depend on each other.
But there are some trees
that do more than we ever thought possible.
A 200-year-old Ajo tree in Costa Rica...
..covered in golden blooms.
As one of the largest trees in the area,
it has unrestricted access to the sun.
However, for the saplings growing on the forest floor,
collecting the relatively little light that filters down
isn't quite so easy.
But the Ajo tree's influence is great.
Its immense canopy absorbs the sunlight...
..using its energy to synthesise sugars in its leaves...
..which then circulate through its branches,
right down to its roots.
Here, it collaborates with microscopic fungi
and it distributes excess nutrients to the tiny saplings nearby.
This underground network
enables trees to support the next generation.
These complex relationships take years to establish.
And it's clear that, as trees age,
they become increasingly important for the forest,
acting as protectors and providers for the whole ecosystem.
A cavity in the Ajo's ancient trunk
provides a home for a family of bats.
And thousands of insects visit it each day.
This Ajo is a keystone of the forest.
But it's not unique.
The world over,
such giant individuals play a pivotal role
in their respective forests.
They are the key to a healthy jungle.
From the majestic meranti in Borneo...
..to the giant kapok in Brazil,
trees like these provide homes for a huge variety of animal families.
Entire neighbourhoods depend on them for food.
They are the centre of their community...
..and are vital to all parents
who make their homes in jungles.
To film the parenting behaviour of Amazonian tapirs,
camerawoman Katie Mayhew
joined Brazilian cameraman Joao Paulo Krajewski.
We're going to a salt lick to retrieve a camera trap,
see if the tapirs are coming.
Their destination is a protected area
in the Amazon rainforest called Cristalino Reserve -
a key stronghold for the rarely seen tapirs.
First, they head to a salt lick,
an area regularly visited by many kinds of animals.
Peccaries...
Wow!
LAUGHTER
Wow!
Two big ones there, yeah.
This is really promising!
The remote cameras show tapir activity
in both day and night.
So, to maximise their chances,
they employ a thermal camera.
It's unbelievable how this technology
helps us finding the animals,
but also discovering what they do during the night.
And especially the tapir.
Basically, we know nothing about them,
how they take care of their babies.
And we'll try to find out what they do.
Very, very active night
with lots of pacas, a big cat.
We don't know exactly what it is.
Capybaras. So many animals!
It's a good start,
but not the mother and baby tapir they're hoping for.
RAFAEL SPEAKS PORTUGUESE
What's happened? Yeah, they saw one in a place that we know.
A mother with a baby, yeah. That's so exciting.
Katie goes to stake out the area.
At the clay lick, Joao's not having much luck either.
Very quiet night.
I've been waiting here for hours.
Strange. I was expecting more activity here.
This is going to be hard.
After ten days in the 40-degree heat,
delirium is setting in.
KATIE LAUGHS
KATIE SIGHS
Been on the river for eight hours, I think.
And we think there's a baby tapir in the bushes,
so we're just waiting.
And we don't actually know if it's there.
But a few hours later...
..Katie's instincts and patience pay off.
Looked down by a source of movement in the water,
and it was the stripy baby and the mum.
And they just swam behind the rocks.
And then the baby's disappeared into the bushes.
We've been waiting so, so long!
Joao is on the right track, too.
So the other boat just saw a baby tapir,
called us, and we're following him.
Hopefully we'll see one, finally.
In the bushes,
a sleeping mother tapir and her striped calf.
JOAO GASPS
Suckling!
The mother's sleeping.
The baby, like, spent the whole afternoon there with her.
I will never, ever forget this day.
Unbelievable moment.
A glimpse of a mother and her baby is an encouraging sign.
But the team still need to film them at night to tell the full story.
Katie tries her luck
at a different clay lick.
So we've set up our little hidey area.
The clay lick looks good.
So now we have to go set up the camera,
and then come back tonight and hope for the best.
WHISPERING: Just using the thermal scope
to kind of spot things around the clay lick,
so I can try and give Katie a bit of a heads-up
if something's coming in.
But it's crazy.
It's like I can see everything through here.
There's hundreds of bats flying around.
Yeah.
I'm, like, shaking so much!
Yeah, it's very cool.
Very happy bunny right now.
Detailed images like this have never been seen before.
But thanks to protected areas like Cristalino Reserve,
the team has been able to film the secret lives
of the Amazonian tapirs and their young.
Never in my life I thought I would see something like it.
20 days waiting for a chance.